Cell growth and prostate specific antigen production of LNCaP prostate cancer cells
Alcoholic extracts of PSP in 70% ethanol significantly reduced the androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell LNCaP growth and down-regulated prostate specific antigen (PSA) production. [5]

Cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of human HL-60 leukemia cells
An in vitro experiment showed that both 70% ethanol and water extracts of PSP resulted in dose-dependent cell growth suppression in the human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemic cells after 3-day incubation in 0,1,3,5,7.5 and 10 ul/ml of extracts. In addition, incubation of HL-60 cells with either extracts resulted in significant change in the cell cycle distribution through the G 1/S cell cycle arrest. The water extracts exert more potent growth inhibition and apoptotic effect compared to the alcoholic extracts. [6]

Control of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest in human U-937 leukemia cells
Aqueous extracts of PSP inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis in human U-937 leukemia cells. At low dose (0.1mg/ml), cell cycle arrest occurred at the G 1/S phases. While at higher concentration (0.5 and 1mg/ml), increase in G 2/M phases of the cell cycle was observed. [7]

Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 and U-937 leukemia cells
Treatment with high dose (1mg/ml) of water extracts PSP for three days resulted in the induction of apoptosis in both HL-60 and U-937 human leukemia cells, as shown by the appearance of cells displaying fractional DNA content in flow cytometric analysis and the cleavage of DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase ( PARP) .[7]

Effect of PSP on the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide on HepG2 liver cancer cells
PSP enhanced the cytotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide in HepG2 cells. The combination of cyclophosphamide and PSP (10μM) decreased cell viability by 22% and 10% when compared with cyclophosphamide and PSP alone. [9]

Anti-tumor effect in tumor bearing mice models
In vivo anti-tumor activity of PSP has also been extensively studied. Significant tumor size reduction was shown after prolonged administration of PSP in the tumor bearing mice models such as scaroma 180, lung adenocarcinoma and Lewis lung cancer. [10]

Effects of PSP extracts on secretion of the immunomodulating cytokines
Both water and ethanol extracts of PSP at concentration of 5μl/ml significantly increased the secretion of interleukins, IL-1β and IL -6 in HL-60 leukemia cells after 3-day incubation, with the water extract eliciting a more pronounced change. Production of IL-8 decreased in response to the addition of both extracts of PSP. [6]

PSP restored cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in rats
Effects of PSP on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression were investigated by determining lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell function, IgG and IL-2 concentration. The results showed that PSP could restore cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in male Wistar rats by stabilizing lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell function, white blood cell count, IgG and IL-2 secretion. [11]

Immunomodulative effect of PSP in tumor bearing mice
PSP was found to be able to significantly raise serum half hemolysin concentration (HC50) and to retard the process of thymus atrophy in tumor S180 sarcoma bearing mice. Serum levels of immunological globulin (IgG) and alexin C3 in the mice were also significantly increased. [12]

Breast Caner
The effect of PSP on peripheral blood counts was evaluated on 11 Chinese breast cancer patients and 13 patients from the historical control were used as the control. Results: Five patients in the treatment group noticed an increase in appetite. [13]

Non-small cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
The use of PSP in slowing down disease progression in patients with advanced NSCLC was assessed in double-blinded controlled trials in which 68 patients (treatment n=34, placebo n=34) were treated for four weeks. After 28-day treatment, there was a significant improvement in blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts, serum IgG and IgM levels in the treatment group. PSP treatment appeared to be associated with slower deterioration in patients with advanced NSCLC. [14]

Gastric Cancer (Adenocarcinoma)
The use of PSP in easing the side effects associated with chemotherapy and radiation in patients with stage I to IV gastric cancer was assessed in double-blinded controlled trials in which 60 patients (treatment n=30, placebo n=30) were treated for two months. PSP is safe and can help lessen the degree of side effects that chemotherapy and radiation produces. It also improved or maintained the immunological profiles of gastric cancer patients. [15]

Esophageal Cancer (Squamous cell carcinoma)
The use of PSP in easing the side effects associated with chemotherapy and radiation in patients with stage I to IV esophageal cancer was assessed in double-blinded controlled trials in which 61 patients (treatment n=31, placebo n=30) were treated for two months. PSP is safe and can help lessen the degree of side effects that chemotherapy and radiation produces. It also improved or maintained the immunological profiles of esophagus cancer patients. [15]

Hepatitis B
Clinical trial of total 75 patients (male or female) with acute or chronic hepatitis B has demonstrated that PSP treatment, which is assigned to 33 patients, can effectively improve the hepatic functions and shorten the treatment duration if it is used adjunctively with the regular treatment to hepatitis B ( 1.02g, three times daily). [16]

Another clinical study of total 60 subjects (male or female) with chronic hepatitis B has shown that PSP can significantly reduce the Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) and the Hepatitis Be Antigen (HBeAg) in bloodstream after 30-day of oral treatment ( 1.02g, three times daily). [17]