Home > Herbal Glossary > Chinese Herb List > Herba Epimedii >>Name >>Origin >>Where Does It Grow? >>Nature and Taste >>Identified Active Components/Major Chemical Constituents >>Historical Use >>What is It Used for in TCM? >>Pharmacological Actions   >Effects on Sexual Function   >Effects on Cardiovascular System   >Effects on Immune System   >Effects on Respiratory System   >Anti-viral Effect   >Others >>Administration and Dosage >>Adverse Effects, Side Effects and Cautions >>References Original plant of Herba Epimedii   Dried leaves Name Latin Name: Herba Epimedii Common Name: Epimedium Scientific Name: Epimedium brevicornum Maxim Chinese Name: 仙靈脾 / 淫羊藿 Pinyin Name: Xian Ling Pi/ Yin Yang Huo Top Origin The branch and leaf of Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. Et Zucc.) Maxim. or E. brevicornum Maxim. and other Epimedium species; family Berberidaceae.[1] Top Where Does It Grow? Mainly in mountain areas, and distributed throughout most of China.[2] Top Nature and Taste Pungent and sweet in flavor, warm in property[1] Top Identified Active Components/ Major Chemical Constituents[3] Icariin Benzene Linoleic acid Tannin Oleic acid Vitamin E Palmitic acid Flavonoids Sterols     Top Historical Use Due to its qi-boosting and spirit quieting effects, Herba Epimedii is traditionally used to relieve stress and fatigue. Chinese folk healers were reported to use 100-200g (10 times the common modern clinical dose) of Herba Epimedii decocted with squid and red wine as a treatment for bodily fatigue and lack of strength due to overtaxation[5]. It is believed to remedy fatigue and absent-mindedness by flooding the brain with blood[6]. Additionally, Herba Epimedii leaf extracts have long been used as an aphrodisiac, and the herb is a common ingredient in the alcoholic "Spring Wine". Top What is It Used for in TCM? 1. Invigorates kidney and strengthens yang while boosting qi. 2. For deficiency of kidney-yang, manifested as impotence, liver cirrhosis, emission, enuresis, frequent micturition, soreness of the waist and the knees, sterility. 3. Herba Epimedii is related to the Kidney and Liver Channels. 4. Strengthen tendons and bones, and expel wind-dampness: Helps with wind-dampness syndrome with arthralgia, numbness of limbs, muscular spasm and flaccidity of extremities, infantile paralysis, and rheumatoid pain. 5. Eliminates phlegm and relieves cough and asthma symptoms especially chronic cough and asthma (including geriatric asthma), of yang-deficiency type. 6. Also used for coronary heart diseases, hypertension and recently, neurasthenia. Top Pharmacological Actions 1. Effects on Sexual Function   Animal Studies   Increase sex organ size and testosterone production in mice Male mice administered Herba Epimedii extract or decoction showed an increase in the weight of prostate glands, seminal vesicles and levator ani muscles[7] as well as in the plasma testosterone level, testicular tissue growth and testicular secretions[8] . Icariin was able to promote testosterone secretion and cAMP synthesis in Leydig cells[9] . When female rats were administered with Herba Epimedii decoction, significant increase in the weight of anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus as well as an increase in the receptor binding affinity of hCG/LH was recorded[10] .       Clinical Studies   Improve impotence Herba Epimedii was used with Semen Custaue to treat 52 cases of impotence. Together with a specific decoction bath and massage, the total effective rate was found to be 92%.[11-12]. A formula containing Herba Epimedii, Fructus Lycii, Cordyceps, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae was used to treat 28 cases of impotence; the overall effective rate was 86%[13] .       Restore sexual function in men Herba Epimedii was used together with Rhizoma Curculiginis and Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi to treat 32 cases of sexual function decline, 21 cases showed significant improvement while seven cases showed improvement[14] .       Alleviate the symptoms of leukoplakia vulvae Patients treated with Herba Epimedii powder mixed in a cream made of liver oil used externally showed significant improvement in leukoplakia symptoms[15] .       Improve mid-cycle menstrual bleeding In a study where the single ingredient Herba Epimedii was used to treat 12 cases of mid-cycle menstrual bleeding, fully satisfactory results were reported in every one of these 12 cases[16] .   2. Effects on cardiovascular system   Animal Studies   Strengthens the contractility of heart muscle A Herba Epimedii decoction was able to increase the contractive force of cardiomyoctes in toad hearts in vitro and in vivo. Herba Epimedii decoction was also able to restore cardiac muscular tension in a pentobarbital sodium induced heart failure toad model. Rabbits injected i.v. with Herba Epimedii decoction showed strengthened cardiac muscle tension.[17]       Increase cardiac output The cardiac output of rabbits injected i.v. with a Herba Epimedii decoction (=1g raw herb/ kg) was significantly increased. In contrast, when rabbits were injected i.v with icariin(1mg/kg), their cardiac output decreased significantly.[18]       Increase Coronary Blood Flow When guinea pig or rabbit hearts were treated with a Herba Epimedii decoction or extract, respectively, in vitro, their coronary blood flow increased[19-20] . When anethesized dogs were injected i.v. with a non amino acid extract or water extract of Herba Epimedii, their coronary blood flow was significantly increased[21-22] . A Herba Epimedii injection was able to restore the pituitrin induced coronary blood flow reduction in guinea pigs[23] .       Protect against inadequate blood supply (ischemia) Herba Epimedii decoction, water and non amino acid extracts showed a protective effect against ischemic damage in rat myocytes[21,22,24] .       Lower blood pressure When applied i.v., a Herba Epimedii decoction was able to lower the blood pressure in rabbits, rats and cats[7] . In a hypertensive rat model, Herba Epidmedii (by gavage) was able to lower the animals' blood pressure significantly. However, the hypertension resumes after cessation of medication. [25]       Promote platelet aggregation Both Herba Epimedii decoction and Herba Epidmedii polysaccharides were able to promote blood platelet aggregation and lower hematocrit both in vitro and in vivo[26] .       Lower cholesterol and triglycerides Administration of Herba Epimedii by gavage to hyperlipidemic rabbits was able to lower their beta-lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels[27] .       Clinical Studies   Decrease symptoms of angina Herba Epimedii tablet and Herba Epimedii extract tablet were used to treat coronary heart disease patients in two separate clinical trials. The patients in both studies showed improvement in ECG readings as well as in the seriousness of angina[28-29] . In another study where coronary heart disease patients were treated with Herba Epimedii injection (intramuscular), the patients experienced improvement in ECG readings as well as symptoms such as angina pain, palpitations and shortness of breath[30] .       Lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension In a study where Herba Epimedii extract tablets were used to treat 115 cases of hypertension, the patients' blood pressure was decreased by 10.7kPa/ 5.33kPa (80/ 40mm Hg) and the overall effective rate was 78%[31] . 3. Effects on Immune Function   Animal studies   Increase antibody production When mice immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were s.c. injected with Herba Epimedii flavone, Herba Epimedii polysaccharide or icariin, their serum antibody level and the splenic antibody level were significantly increased[32-34].       Modulate lymphocyte proliferation Mice injected s.c. with Herba Epimedii flavone or Herba Epimedii polysaccharide once a day for seven days showed significant increase in lymphocyte transformation[32-33]. Murine lymphocytes treated with Herba Epimedii polysaccharide were more responsive to phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA) stimulation[32]. Fifty percent ethanol extracts of were able to inhibit mitogen induced lymphocytic growth in vitro in a dose dependent manner. Previous studies on mice treated with overdose of cyclophosphamide showed that Herba Epimedii polysaccharide (injected s.c.) was able to promote T cell production that was suppressed by cyclophosphamide, which in turn inhibited antibody production. However, when cyclophosphamide treated mice were injected s.c. with icariin, the T cell production was suppressed and the antibody production rate was increased[34]. In a hydropredinsolone acetate induced yang deficient mouse model, administration of Herba Epimedii decoction by gavage was able to increase 3H-TdR incorporation rate during lymphocyte transformation and to increase erythrolysin level as well as anti-blood coagulation factor titer[35]. In another study, mice were rendered immuno-depressed by lymphocyte antiserum treatment. When lymphocyte antiserum induced immune-depressed mice were administered with Herba Epimedii decoction, their reduced splenic lymphocyte and splenic plaque forming cell counts were restored[36].       Increase/ restore phagocytic activity of macrophages Macrophages isolated from mice administered s.c. with Herba Epimedii polysaccharides or Herba Epimedii flavone showed increased phagocytic activities[33]. In an immune depressed mouse model induced by anti-lymphocyte antibody treatment, Herba Epimedii was able to restore the carbon phagocytic activity of macrophages[36].       Stimulate IL-2 production At low concentration (100μg/ml and 1000μg/ml), Herba Epimedii polysaccharide was able to stimulate the activity of IL-2 secreted from human peripheral blood lymphocytes, while at high concentrations (2500μg/ml and 5000μg/ml), it would inhibit IL-2 production[37].       Increase DNA synthesis and bone marrow cell proliferation Administration of a Herba Epimedii decoction significantly elevated DNA synthesis by 68% and enhanced bone marrow cell proliferation by 72% in a mouse yang-deficiency model[25].       Clinical Studies   Decrease the symptoms of leucopenia In 22 cases of leucopenia of qi deficient type, treated with a Herba Epimedii powder (15g/bag, 3 bags/ day for the first week and 2 bags/ day from the second weeks onwards) for 30 to 45 days, three cases showed complete recovery, four cases showed significant improvement, five cases showed improvement and two cases experienced no change[38].       Improve quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis Patients on erythropoietin medications were treated with Herba Epimedii for 4 months, the infection rate was decreased and IL-2 levels were increased. Improvement in parameters like energy, sleeping, appetite and male sex function were recorded. [39]   4. Effects on Respiratory System   Animal Studies   Anti-asthmatic effects Herba Epimedii extract can completely inhibit coughing caused by electrical stimulation of recurrent laryngeal nerve in cats. It can also relieve histamine-induced asthma in guinea pigs[40].       Clinical Studies   Effective in treating chronic bronchiolitis Herba Epimedii was used to treat 1066 cases of chronic bronchiolitis, the overall effective rate was 74.6%[40].   5. Anti-viral Effect   Animal studies   Antimicrobial and antiviral effect Herba Epimedii was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria, pneumococcus, Bacillus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosdis, poliovirus, ECHO virus (type 6 and 9) and coxsackie virus (type A9, B4 and B5)[7,25,41].       Clinical studies   More effective than vitamin C in treating viral myocarditis In a study on viral myocarditis, 36 cases were treated with Herba Epimedii extract tablet (7 to 10 tablets/ time, 3 times/ day) and Vitamin C (3g in 500ml glucose solution, i.v. application) while 25 cases were treated with Vitamin C alone. The overall effective rate of former group and later group were 69.4% and 40% respectively.[43]   6. Others   Anti-oxidation effect in animals Water extract of Herba Epimedii was able to inhibit lipid peroxide formation in rat heart, liver, brain and kidney homogenates[44]. In an acute aging mouse model, Herba Epimedii flavone could significantly restore the depressed T and B lymphocyte proliferation, increase SOD activity, decrease lipid peroxide formation and reduce heart and liver lipofuscin[45]. Additionally, icariin has been shown to have catecholamines-antagonizing effects.       Reduce blood glucose in animals Rats treated with Herba Epimedii extracts showed blood glucose level reduction[46], as did experimental hyperglycemic rabbits[25].       Used together with other Chinese medicine to treat Neurasthenia A 3% Herba Epimedii decoction (iontophoresically applied), a Herba Epimedii extract, Herba Epimedii flavone and Icariin were used to treat to 104, 138, 61 and 29 cases respectively , the overall effective rates were 85.6%, 89.9%, 93.44% and 89.6% respectively. Improvement in the sleeplessness symptoms were also recorded in the studies. [47-48] Top Administration and Dosage Decoction: 6-15g, up to 30g for single use[4]. Top Adverse Effect, Side Effects and Cautions Adverse effects are brought about by extended use, and include dizziness, vomiting, dry mouth, thirst and nosebleeding. In mice, at large doses, it can cause respiratory arrest and hyperreflexia to the point of spasm.[49] It is also contraindicated in Deficiency of Yin with Heat[50]. Top References 1. Pharmacopoeia Comission of the Ministry of Public Health ed. A colored Atlas of the Chinese Materia. Joint Publishing (H.K.)Co., Ltd. 1995: 423.   2. http://www.herbasin.com/database/yinyanghuo.htm   3. http://www.botanical.com/products/learn/epimedium.html   4. Qu Ming ed. Chinese-English Manual of Common-Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co.,Ltd. Hong Kong. 1989.   5. Xu Ying-zhang. Epimedium's Has Qi-boosting & Spirit-quieting Effects. Zhong Yi Za Zhi 1999 Dec.   6. http://www.herb-tea.com/database/yinyanghuo.htm   7. ¤ý¯D¥Í¥D½s. ¤¤ÃÄÃIJz»PÀ³¥ÎThe Pharmacology and Application of Chinese Medicine. 北京人民衛生出版社People Hygiene Publisher of Beijing 中國 北京 China Beijing 1983; p.1102   8. ¤û¾U. ²]¦Ïô¹¬¶¨î«e«á¹ï¤p¹«¦å¼ß¸A¤YତΪþ©Ê¾¹©xªº¼vÅTEffects of Herba Epimedii on blood testosterone level and on sex organ. ¤¤°ê¤¤ÃÄÂø»xChina Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 1989; 14(9):18.   9. ºµÅDÙyµ¥. ¤¤°êÃľÇÂø»xChinese Pharmaceutical Journal 1994; 29(2):89-91.   10. §õ¬±¦pµ¥. ¸ÉµÇÃÄ(µéµ·¤l¡B¤Ú´u¤Ñ¡B¦×çv»T¡B¥P­T©M²]¦Ïô¹)¹ï¤U¥C¸£-««Ê^-©Ê¸¢¶b¥\¯àªº¼vÅTEffects of kidney tonic (Semen Cuscutae, Radix Morindae Officinalis, Herba Cistanches, Rhizoma Curculiginis and Herba Epimedii) on the function of hypothalamus- pituitary- sex gland axis. ¤¤ÂåÂø»xJournal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1984; 25(7):63   11. ®ï·RµØ. ¶³«n¤¤ÂåÂø»xHunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1989; 10(6):13.   12. ®ï·RµØ. ¶Q¶§¤¤Âå¾Ç°|¾Ç³øJournal of GuiYang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1990; (1):29   13. ¤ý°ê©¾. ¥_¨Ê¤¤ÂåBeijing Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 1994; (2):31   14. ª÷ºû¨}µ¥. ¤¤ÂåÃĬã¨sResearch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1993; (2):40.   15. §d·sºa. ¿ñÉr¤¤ÂåÂø»xLiaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1991; 18(9):37   16. http://www.bluepoppy.com/press/download/articles/new_uses_epimedium.html   17. ¤ý¤å¥¿µ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹¹ï¤ß¦åºÞ¾÷¯à§@¥Îªºªì¨B¹êÅçÆ[¹î Preliminary study on the effect of Herba Epimedii on cardiovascular function. ¦wÀ²¤¤Âå¾Ç°|¾Ç³øJournal of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medical College 1983; (2):60   18 ¼B±R©úµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹ªvÀø«a¤ß¯fªº¬ã¨s¢¶:²]¦Ïô¹¹ï¤ßŦªº¼vÅT. Research on the efficacy of Herba Epimedii on coronary heart disease 7: Effects of Icariin on heart 沈陽藥學院學報1981; (12):28, ¤¤¯óÃÄChinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 1982; (9):30   19. ¨H¶§Ãľǰ|¥|¤Q¤G´Á¶¤²]¦Ïô¹¬ã¨s²Õ.The 42nd research group of Shen Yang Medical College淫羊藿治療冠心病的研究2: 淫羊藿水煎劑實驗的藥理研究. Research on the efficacy of Herba Epimedii on coronary heart disease 2: Pharmacological Research on the water extract of Herba Epimedii 沈陽藥學院學報Journal of Shenyang Medical College1997; (8):90.   20. ¼BºÖ¬K. ²]¦Ïô¹ªºÁ{§É©MÃIJz¹êÅç¬ã¨sªñªp Recent advance on the clinical and pharmacological researches on Herba Epimedii. ¤¤¯óÃÄChinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 1985; 16(10):44   21. §õùÚ©÷µ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹¹ï¤ß¦åºÞ¨t²Î§@¥Îªº¹êÅçÃIJz¬ã¨s.(III) ¹ï¦å²G°Ê¤O¾Ç¤Î¬yÅܾǪº¼vÅT Effect of Herba Epimedii on Cardiovascular system(III): Hemodynamic and Blood rheology studies. ´Â¶§ÂåÃÄMedicine of Chao Yang 1983;(2):25   22. ¸Ñ©ñ­x234Âå°|. ¨H¶§Ãľǰ|²]¦Ïô¹¬ã¨s²ÕHerba Epimedii Research group, Shen Yang Medical College, The 234 Hospital of Liberal Army,. 淫羊藿水浸膏治療冠心病有效部分實驗藥理研究 Efficacy of water extract of Herba Epimedii on Coronary heart disease. ¨H¶§Ãľǰ|¾Ç³øJournal of Shen Yang Medical College1975; (7):86.   23. ÅÇÄõ¥Íµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹ª`®g²Gªº¤ß¦åºÞ§@¥Î¤ÎÁ{§ÉÀ³¥Îªºªì¨BÆ[¹î Preliminary study on the clinical application of Herba Epimedii injection on cardiovascular system. ¿ñÉr¤¤ÂåÂø»xLiaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1981; (10):45.   24. Áú«Ø±Óµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹¨î¾¯¹ï¤ß¦å¨t²ÎªºÃIJz§@¥ÎPharmacological function of Herba Epimedii preparation on cardiovascular system ¤¤¦¨ÃĬã¨sResearch on Chinese Medicine1981; (12):40.   25. http://riteherbs.com/herbology/exe/viewHerb.asp?id=408   26. §õ¾UªQ. ²]¦Ïô¹·Î¾¯¹ï°·±d¦å¤pªO»E¶°©Êªº¼vÅT Effect of Herba Epimedii on platelet aggregation. ¤¤¦¨ÃĬã¨sResearch on Chinese Medicine1988; (1)28.   27. ÀA¦{Âå¾Ç°|ÃIJz±Ð¬ã²Õ Pharmacological research, Jinzhou Medical College . ­°¦å¯×¤¤¯óÃÄ¿z­¡ªº¹êÅç©Ê¬ã¨s Studies on the hypolipidemic Chinese medicine. ÀA¦{¬ì§ÞJinzhou Technology1977; (6):19.   28. ¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¸Ñ©ñ­x234Âå°| The 234 Hospital of China Liberal Army. «a¤ß¯f¨¾ªv²Õ²]¦Ïô¹ªvÀø«a¤ß¯fªº¬ã¨sI: ²]¦Ïô¹ªvÀø«a¤ß¯f140¨ÒÁ{§ÉÀø®ÄÆ[¹îEffect of Herba Epimedii on Cardiovascular system(I): 140 cases coronary heart diseases. ¨H¶§Ãľǰ|¾Ç³ø Journal of Shen Yang Medical College 1977; (8):85.   29. ¤ý²úµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹ªvÀø«a¤ß¯f140¨ÒÁ{§ÉÀø®ÄÆ[¹î Efficacy of Herba Epimedii on 140 cases of Coronary heart diseases. ¤W®ü¤¤ÂåÃÄÂø»xShanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1989; (8):26   30. ¤_²ú. ¤¤ÂåÂø»x Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1990; 31(3):36   31. ¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¸Ñ©ñ­x234Âå°|. «a¤ß¯f¨¾ªv²ÕCoronary heart disease prevention group, The 234 Hospital of China Liberal Army.. ²]¦Ïô¹ªvÀø«a¤ß¯fªñ´ÁÁ{§ÉÀø®ÄÆ[¹î Clinical study on the efficacy of Herba Epimedii on Coronary heart disease. ¨H¶§Ãľǰ|¾Ç³ø Journal of Shenyang Medical College1976; (7):92.   32. ¤ý¤ÑµMµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹¦h¿}«P¶i§K¬Ì¥\¯àªº¹êÅç¬ã¨s Research on the immune promoting function of Herba Epimedii polysaccharides. ¥_¨ÊÂåÃĤu·~Beijing Medical Industry1985; (2):23.   33. ¤ý¤ÑµMµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹Á`¶ÀଫP¶i§K¬Ì¥\¯àªºÄ_Åç The immune promoting effect of Herba Epimedii flavones. ¤¤¦¨ÃĬã¨sResearch on Chinese Medicine1987; (2):27.   34. ¤ý¤ÑµMµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹«P¶i§ÜÊ^¥Í¦¨ªº§@¥Î Antibody promoting effect of Icariin. Ãľdzq³øJournal of Medicine1987; 22(9):583.   35. ¤ý¤ÑµM. ²]¦Ïô¹¦h¿}©M²]¦Ïô¹¹ï§í¨î©Ê¢â²Ó­Mªº§@¥Î Effects of Herba Epimedii polysaccharides and icariin on suppressed T cells. ¤¤°ê§K¬Ì¾ÇÂø»x Chinese Journal of Immunology 1986, 2(2):74.   36 ¯Õ±Æ¤Oµ¥. ·Å¶§ÃĤΨ䦳®Ä¦¨¤À¹ï¶§µê°Êª«¼Ò«¬¬Y¨Ç§K¬Ì¥\¯àªº¼vÅT Effects of Yang warming medicine and their active constituents on the immune function of yang deficient animals. ¤¤ÂåÂø»xJournal of Chinese Medicine1983; 24(3):61.   37. ±i¼ü. ¥PÆFµÊ¹ï§K¬Ì¥\¯à§C¤U¤p¹«§@¥Îªº¹êÅç¬ã¨s Effects of Herba Epimedii on immuno-depressed mice. ¤¤ÂåÃÄ«H®§Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine 1986; (1):33.   38. ¼Bªê¥e¥D½s. 中藥現代研究與應用第5卷.Modern Research and Application of Chinese Medicine ¡A¾Ç­b¥Xª©ªÀ Xue Yuan Publisher ¤¤°ê ¥_¨Ê China Beijing 1999.   39. ¼BºÖ¬K. ²]¦Ïô¹¨R¾¯ªvÀø¥Õ²Ó­M´î¤Ö¯g¤Î¨ä¹ï§K¬Ì¥\¯àªº§@¥ÎEffects of Herba Epimedii on treating leucopenia and on immune function. ¤W®ü¤¤ÂåÃÄÂø»xShanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1986; (3):32.   40. ¹ù¬x­xµ¥. ¤¤°ê¤¤¦èÂåµ²¦XÂø»xJournal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine 1995;14(4):202   41. ®¦¬I¦a°Ï¨¾ªvºC©Ê®ðºÞª¢¿ì¤½«Ç Enshi office: chronic bronchiolitis prevention and treatment, ²]¦Ïô¹ªvÀøºC©Ê®ðºÞª¢Á{§É¤pµ² Summary on treating chronic bronchiolitis with Herba Epimedii. ´ò¥_½Ã¥ÍHubei Hygine1972; (7):15.   42 ´¿¼Ý. ¤¤ÃĹï¯áÅè¦Ç½èª¢¯f¬r©M¨ä¥L¸z¹D¯f¬rªº§@¥Î Effects of Chinese medicine on poliovirus and other intestinal virus. ¤¤µØÂå¾ÇÂø»xNational Medical Journal of China 1964; 50(8):521.   43. ¦¶¥@¤~. ²]¦Ïô¹¦Xºû¥Í¯ÀCªvÀø¯f¬r©Ê¤ß¦Ùª¢36¨ÒÀø®ÄÆ[¹î Effects of Combing Herba Epimedii with vitamin C on viral myocarditis: clinical observation on 36 cases. ¤¤¦èÂåµ²¦XÂø»xJournal of Integrated Tradtional and Western Medicine 1984; 4(9):523.   44. ¾G¦{¤¤ÃĨîÃļt Zhengzhou pharmaceutical factory of Chinese medicine. §Ü·÷Þͪ`®g²Gªº¨î³Æ¤ÎÀø®Ä. ¤¤¯óÃijq°TChinese Medicine Communication1972; (2):28.   45. ÃQ®¶¸Ëµ¥. ¥|²Õ¤¤Ãķξ¯¹ï¤p¹«¦å²G¤¤SOD©M¹L®ñ¤Æ²B¨»¨C¬¡¤Oªº¼vÅT Effects of 4 Chinese medicine decocts on blood SOD and hydrogen peroxidase activity in mice. ¤¤¯óÃÄ Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 1985; 76(6):11.   46. ¼B¶×ªiµ¥. ²]¦Ïô¹¶Àହï§Ü¤p¹«D-¥b¨Å¿}°I¦Ñ¼Ò«¬ªº¬ã¨s Effects of Herba Epimedii flavones on D-galactose induced aging mouse model. ¤¤ÃÄÃIJzÉOÁ{§ÉPharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica 1990; 6(2):18.   47 ¥­ºÕ¥°µ¥. Âå¾Ç¤¤¥¡Âø»xJournal of Central Medicine1971;276:344.   48. ½²¯àµ¥. ¤¤ÃIJ]¦Ïô¹´å¤l³z¤JªvÀø¯«¸g°I®zªºÀø®ÄÆ[¹î Treating neurasthenia by ion penetration of Herba Epimedii. ¦¿Ä¬¤¤ÂåÂø»x Jiangsu Journal of Tradtional Chinese Medicine 1962; (11):23.   49. §õ®ü©ô. ¤¤ÂåÂø»x Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1982; 23(11):70.   50. Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al. Pharmacist's Letter/ Prescriber's Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 4th Edition. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2002: pg500-501.   51 http://www.rmhiherbal.org/phar1/index.html     Top